门禁卡主要有两种RFID频率是什么?
门禁门禁介质几乎总是在两个频段之一中运行。低频(LF)以125 kHz为中心,为HID Prox、Indala、AWID和基于EM的卡等经典感应卡提供动力。LF读取范围短,数据通常是一个小的、开放的ID号,并且物理特性使LF标签对金属和液体具有容错性。密切相关的134.2 kHz频段是ISO 11784/11785下动物识别的全球标准,而非建筑门禁。
High frequency (HF) is 13.56 MHz and carries the modern smart-card families: contactless smart cards, iCLASS, Seos, NFC and FeliCa. HF supports far more memory, mutual authentication and strong encryption, which is why secure sites and hotels have moved to it. A reader tuned for one band is deaf to the other, so a 125 kHz prox card and a 13.56 MHz smart card are never interchangeable even though they look identical.
- 125 kHz LF:旧版感应卡,短距离,通常是开放的、未加密的ID
- 134.2 kHz LF:仅用于动物识别(ISO 11784/11785 FDX-B),不用于建筑门禁
- 13.56 MHz HF:智能卡,更多内存,可选的强加密
- 860-960 MHz UHF:少数现代门禁平台使用的长距离标签
哪些ISO/IEC标准定义了13.56 MHz非接触式卡?
Three ISO/IEC standards do most of the work at 13.56 MHz. ISO/IEC 14443 covers proximity cards read at roughly up to 10 cm and defines two signaling variants, Type A and Type B, that differ in modulation and anti-collision but share the band. Contactless smart cards and many bank and transit cards are 14443 Type A; some national ID and payment cards are Type B. ISO/IEC 15693 covers vicinity cards read at a longer range, up to about a meter, and is used by vicinity smart cards in many library, laundry and hotel tags.
ISO/IEC 18000-3 is an air-interface standard for 13.56 MHz item-management tags; Mode 1 is built on the 15693 vicinity protocol and Mode 3 aligns with other HF item tags, so you will see 18000-3 cited alongside vicinity smart cards. These standards define how a card and reader talk at the radio layer; they do not by themselves define the security of the data, which is why a 14443 Type A card can be an open legacy 1K card or a strongly encrypted AES-secured card.
What are NFC Forum tag types and Type 2 tags?
NFC(近场通信)是一种13.56 MHz技术,建立在相同的ISO/IEC 14443和15693基础之上,NFC Forum定义了五种标签类型以实现互操作性。类型1和2是简单的读/写内存标签,其中类型2最常见;类型3、4和5增加了容量和功能,其中类型4映射到14443 Type A/B智能卡,类型5映射到15693近场标签。
The NFC Forum Type 2 tag is a widely used simple chip family, differing mainly in user memory. These chips appear in marketing tags, product authentication and some simple access fobs. They carry a unique serial number and optional small data, but a plain NFC Type 2 tag is not an encrypted credential, so it is not a substitute for an AES-secured or Seos card on a secured system.
Wiegand、设施码、CSN和UID是什么意思?
在匹配卡片时,有几个数据术语会不断出现。Wiegand,在此上下文中,是一种数据格式,而不是旧版布线:它描述了门禁介质的位如何分解为设施码和带奇偶校验的卡号,其中开放的26位H10301是教科书式的例子。设施码(也称为站点或公司码)标识建筑物或组织,大多数控制器只接受设施码与门配置值匹配的卡片。
CSN(卡序列号)和 UID(唯一标识符)是指芯片出厂时设置的序列号,每张非接触式卡都会传输该序列号。关键在于,CSN 可由任何兼容读卡器公开读取,并非秘密密钥;它只是开放系统已依赖的数据。对于这些开放格式,我们编码兼容门禁介质,以呈现您的读卡器已接受的精确数据。安全智能门禁介质则验证加密的应用程序数据;对于这些门禁介质,我们提供兼容空白卡,您的系统可使用其密钥进行注册,就像通过 OEM 渠道订购门禁介质一样。
- Wiegand 格式:比特如何分为设施码、卡号和奇偶校验位
- 设施/站点/公司代码:识别建筑物或组织
- CSN / UID:芯片的开放式出厂序列号,而非秘密密钥
- FSK / ASK / PSK:卡如何将其数据调制到载波上
FSK、ASK 和 PSK 调制之间有什么区别?
调制是标签如何将其比特编码到无线电载波上,在 125 kHz LF 频率下,调制方案是导致一个近距离卡品牌与另一个品牌不兼容的部分原因。ASK(幅移键控)改变信号强度,由 EM4100 和大多数通用近距离卡使用。FSK(频移键控)在两个频率之间切换,是 HID Prox 使用的方案。PSK(相移键控)改变载波相位,由 Indala 和一些 Idteck 卡使用。
两张 125 kHz 卡在物理上可能完全相同,但彼此的读卡器却无法读取,纯粹是因为一张使用 FSK,另一张使用 PSK。多仿真可编程空白卡,例如 T5577,可以配置正确的调制、比特率和编码,使其在开放格式下与原始卡读取方式相同。安全的 HF 门禁介质不以相同方式依赖调制;它们的保护是加密的,因此对于这些门禁介质,我们提供兼容空白卡供您的系统注册。
近距离和非接触式标准、频率及其含义
| 术语/标准 | 频率/范围 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| 125 kHz LF | 低频,短距离 | 传统近距离卡(HID Prox、Indala、AWID、EM)的频段;数据通常是一个小的、开放的、未加密的数字 |
| 134.2 kHz (ISO 11784/11785, FDX-B) | 低频,动物识别 | 动物识别微芯片的全球标准;定义代码结构和 FDX-B 信令,而非建筑门禁 |
| 13.56 MHz HF | 高频,非接触式 | Band for modern smart cards: contactless smart cards, iCLASS, Seos, NFC and FeliCa; supports more memory and encryption |
| ISO/IEC 14443 Type A | 13.56 MHz,近距离(最远约 10 厘米) | Air interface for proximity smart cards using Type A modulation; covers the legacy 1K/4K card, AES-upgradeable cards and AES-secured cards |
| ISO/IEC 14443 Type B | 13.56 MHz,近距离(最远约 10 厘米) | 一些国家身份证、银行卡和交通卡使用的替代近距离信令;与 Type A 共享频段 |
| ISO/IEC 15693 (vicinity) | 13.56 MHz,远距离(最远约 1 米) | Longer-range vicinity standard used by vicinity smart cards in many library, laundry and hotel tags |
| ISO/IEC 18000-3 | 13.56 MHz 物品管理 | Air-interface standard for HF item tags; Mode 1 is built on the 15693 vicinity protocol, often cited with vicinity smart cards |
| NFC Forum 标签类型 1-5 | 13.56 MHz,NFC | Five interoperability classes; Type 2 is common, Type 4 maps to 14443 smart cards, Type 5 to 15693 |
| NFC Forum Type 2 tag | 13.56 MHz,NFC Forum Type 2 | Read/write memory chips differing in user memory; carry a UID but are not encrypted credentials |
| Wiegand(数据格式) | 格式,而非频率 | 定义门禁介质的比特如何分为设施码、卡号和奇偶校验位(例如开放式 26 位 H10301) |
| 设施码 | 格式字段 | 识别建筑物的站点或公司代码;大多数控制器只接受具有匹配值的卡片 |
| CSN / UID | 芯片序列号 | 卡片的开放式出厂序列号;可由任何兼容读卡器读取,并非密钥,因此开放系统仅以此为键 |
| FSK / ASK / PSK | 125 kHz 低频调制 | 标签如何将比特编码到载波上:ASK(EM/通用)、FSK(HID Prox)、PSK(Indala);必须匹配才能让低频读卡器解码 |